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Fast Dell Tower
Dell Precision 380 Workstation Tower, Incredibly Fast and Powerful Intel P4 LGA775 3.4GHz HT CPU
State-of-charge reading based on terminal voltage
The state-of-charge of a lead-acid battery can, to a certain extent, be estimated by measuring the open terminal voltage. Prior to measuring, the battery must have rested for 4-8 hours after charge or discharge and resided at a steady room temperature.dell laptop battery A cold battery would show slightly higher voltages and a hot battery would be lower. Plate additions of calcium and antimony will also vary the open terminal voltage with calcium being a little higher than antimony. Furthermore, AGM has a higher voltage plateau than the flooded lead acid and the readings on Figure 3 may not apply for AGM systems. Due to surface charge, a brief charge will raise the terminal voltage and provide inflated state-of-charge reading. For example, a 30 minute charge could wrongly indicate 100% SoC if no rest is applied.
With sufficient rest and stable temperature, voltage measurements provide an amazingly accurate SoC estimation for lead acid batteries. It is important that the battery is free of polarization. If connected in a system, such as in a car, there are steady auxiliary loads, not to mention frequent starting and driving.
Open circuit voltage State-of-Charge in % Figure 3: BCI standard for SoC estimation of a 12V flooded lead acid car battery.
Test the battery at room temperature. Allow 4-8 hour of rest after charge or discharge.
Courtesy of BCI
12.65V 100%
12.45V 75%
12.24V 50%
12.06V 25%
11.89V or less Discharged
Note: The BCI readings apply to flooded batteries with antimony doping. Calcium will raise the voltage by 5 - 8%.Dell Inspiron 500m Battery, Dell Inspiron 510m Battery, Dell Inspiron 600m Battery, Calcium is commonly used for maintenance-free lead acid batteries.
After charge or discharge, Dell Inspiron 700m Battery allow the battery to rest for a minimum of eight hours before assessing the state-of-charge by measuring the terminal voltage.
Battery as a buffer
While dwelling on float-charge, an external load can be connected to a lead-acid battery. In such a case, the battery acts as a buffer. Micro-towers on cell sites work this way. During off-peak periods, the batteries get fully charged. On peak traffic times, the load exceeds the net supply provided by the rectifier (charger) and the battery supplies the extra energy. A car battery works in a similar way.
When configuring a battery as a buffer, make certain that the battery has the opportunity to fully charge between loads. The net charge must be greater than what is drawn from the battery. Some chargers switch to fast charge after a deep discharge, others simply use the float charge to recharge. Allow up to 48 hours to fully recharge on float charge. Deep discharges should be avoided if possible. Assure that the float charge voltage is set correctly.
State-of-charge reading based on terminal voltage
The open circuit voltage can be used to estimate the battery state-of-charge of lithium, alkaline and lead-based batteries. Unfortunately, Dell Inspiron 510m Battery his method cannot be used for nickel-based packs.
On a lithium-ion cell, 3.8V/cell indicates a state-of-charge of about 50%. It must be noted that utilizing voltage as a fuel gauge function is inaccurate because cells made by different manufacturers produce a slightly different voltage profile. This is due to the electrochemistry of the electrodes and electrolyte. Temperature also affects the voltage. The higher the temperature, the lower the voltage will be.
Hints to long battery life
Limit the time at which the battery stays at 4.20/cell. Prolonged high voltage promotes corrosion, especially at elevated temperatures. (Spinel is less sensitive to high voltage than cobalt-based systems).
3.92V/cell is the best upper voltage threshold for cobalt-based lithium-ion. Charging batteries to this voltage level has been shown to double cycle life. Lithium-ion systems for defense applications make use of the lower voltage threshold.Dell Inspiron 500m Battery, Dell Inspiron 510m Battery, Dell Inspiron 600m Battery, The negative is reduced capacity.
The charge current of Li-ion should be moderate (0.5C for cobalt-based lithium-ion).
The lower charge current reduces the time in which the cell resides at 4.20V. It should be noted that a 0.5C charge only adds marginally to the charge time over 1C because the topping charge will be shorter. A high current charge tends to push the voltage up and forces it into the voltage limit prematurely.
Note: In respect to fast-charging and topping charge,the charge behavior of lithium-ion is similar to lead acid. Here, the voltage threshold of 2.35V/cell during regular charge needs to be lowered to 2.27V/cell when the VRLA is on standby. Keeping the voltage at the high threshold would contribute to corrosion. A similar effect occurs with lithium-ion.
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Dell Inspiron 600m Battery
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